Which of the following is NOT listed as a physiological effect of sound energy?

• A. Enhancement of the inflammatory response and tissue repair
• B. Heating of soft tissues
• C. Increasing tissue perfusion
• D. Dehydration of tissues

Answer: (D)

Sound energy from therapeutic modalities, like ultrasound, produces thermal effects (heating soft tissues) and non-thermal or mechanical effects that can boost tissue perfusion and support the inflammatory response and tissue repair. Heating of tissues and increased blood flow are typical, beneficial responses. Dehydration of tissues is not something produced by sound energy; these therapies aim to enhance hydration and perfusion rather than dry out tissues. So dehydration of tissues is the effect that isn’t listed.