Which is NOT one of the five general categories of Physical Agent Modalities?

• A. Thermal Modalities
• B. Light Therapy Modalities
• C. Pharmacologic Modalities
• D. Manual Modalities

Answer: (C)

Physical Agent Modalities are energy- or mechanically-based tools used to influence tissue healing, pain, and function. Common categories include thermal modalities (hot or cold applications), light therapy modalities (laser, UV, infrared), and manual modalities (hands-on techniques like massage and mobilization). Pharmacologic modalities rely on drugs and chemical actions rather than applying physical energy or mechanical force, so they fall outside the PAM framework. Therefore, pharmacologic modalities are not among the five general categories of Physical Agent Modalities.